Children Affected by HIV and AIDS

The HIV/AIDS pandemic is having a devastating impact on the well-being of children, particularly in those countries with the highest HIV prevalence rates in sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, and parts of Asia. The virus affects children in multiple ways; they may lose one or both parents and other family members, or become infected with the disease.

Aside from the physical and psychosocial stress associated with the onset of the disease itself and the experience of loss of loved ones, children affected by HIV/AIDS may additionally be subjected to the burden of caring for others, stigma, discrimination, exploitation, abuse, financial hardships, and are less likely to attend school. The social and economic effects of the disease means that areas with high AIDS-related mortality are less able to provide traditional family and community care, protection and basic services for its children.

Children with HIV-positive parents are at a greater risk of being orphaned, abandoned, removed by social services, placed into foster or institutional care, becoming homeless, or left to head households on their own. Orphaned children infected with the virus often have more difficulty obtaining care. Families and communities have rallied to provide kinship care to the large majority of the children who have lost their parents, however families and communities are struggling to cope, physically and financially, with the numbers of children involved. Despite international recognition of the damaging effects of institutional care and its high costs, institutional care has proliferated, often supported by external groups wanting to help. Far too little has been done in such countries to systematically strengthen and support HIV/AIDS-affected families and families caring for orphans, or to develop family-and community-based care for children without adequate family care.

Children should be cared for by their immediate and extended families wherever possible, with support services put in place to avoid abandonment. Regulated kinship, foster care, and local adoption should be developed for children without close relatives. Young people and communities should be provided with information on HIV/AIDS to avoid infection. Adequate medical treatment is needed to enable infected parents to live longer and to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child.

The literature in this section includes background information on countries and projects tackling the crises, including statistics, policy papers, implementation projects, and care options for children orphaned or infected by HIV/AIDS.

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Nutritional and Food Security Status of Orphans and Vulnerable Children: Report of a Research Project supported by UNICEF, IFPRI, and WFP

Jonathan Rivers, Eva Silvestre, and John Mason, 2004

A report on the nutritional status of orphans in sub-Saharan Africa. Seeks to understand the relationship between child vulnerability and food security. Contains conclusions and recommendations relevant for future monitoring initiatives.

ADP Toolkit for HIV/AIDS Programming: 2004 Edition

World Vision HIV/AIDS Hope Initiative, 2004

Toolkit for the founding and expansion of HIV/AIDS responses in development programs. Includes hands-on tools and support documentation.

Reaching Out to Africa's Orphans: A Framework for Public Action

Kalanidhi Subbarao and Diane Coury, 2004

A detailed book providing evidence-based guidelines for approaches and interventions to best mitigate the various risks confronted by OVC.

The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Children in Belize: A Rapid Assessment and Response Process

Mark Loudon, 2004

Rapid assessment of the social impact of HIV/AIDS on children in Belize. Although many typical vulnerabilities are not as prevalent in the Belize as in other developing countries, HIV-related stigma remains a significant threat to children living with and affected by HIV/AIDS.

A Family Is For A Lifetime

Jan Williamson, 2004

Reviews 80 of the most significant and relevant documents focusing on family care for children affected by HIV/AIDS. Focuses on common areas of concern, research gaps, and ways to address identified needs.

Operations Research: Discovering and Utilizing Sound Practices

Catholic Relief Services and USAID, 2004

Sound practices culled from the experiences of CRS Zimbabwe’s Support to Replicable, Innovative, Village/Community-Level Efforts to support children affected by AIDS (STRIVE) Program on Operations Research.

The Development, Implementation and Evaluation of Interventions for the Care of Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe

Anna Strebel, 2004

A review of interventions for orphaned and vulnerable children that focuses on community-supported, home-based care examples. Highlights several models and programs, such as the COPE approach and Village AIDS Committees. Advocates the need for more research-based interventions and evaluation.

An Initiative Supporting the Basic Income and Needs of HIV/AIDS Affected Households and Individuals (SIMBA)

Anuj Jain, 2004

This paper outlines a program (SIMBA) established to work with local AIDS Service Organizations (ASOs) in Zimbabwe to promote economic development in HIV/AIDS affected communities. Efforts to promote capacitiy building of organizations, self-managed and savings-based microfinance services, and basic business management training are described.

Children on the Brink 2004: A Joint Report of New Orphan Estimates and a Framework for Action

UNAIDS, UNICEF and USAID, 2004

This report examines the current state of orphans and vulnerable children. It provides a regional overview, highlights trends, urges support for alternatives to institutional care and child participation, and presents a framework of protection and care of orphans and vulnerable children. Includes comprehensive data appendices.

Children in Residential Care: The Zimbabwean Experience

G. Powell, T. Chinake, D. Mudzinge, W. Maambira, and S. Mukutiri, 2004

Analyzes the state of institutional care in Zimbabwe against the national child protection policy. Focuses on the role of donors in the proliferation of institutional care and strategies to better regulate the development and provision of child protection services.